The area that my village covered was a rectangle, but I don’t know how many square meters it was. The area that my village covered was a rectangle, but I don’t know how many square meters it was.

better phrasing: "My village was (in) the shape of a rectangle"

The area that my village covered was [a rectangle | rectangular], but I don’t know how many square meters it was. The area that my village covered was [a rectangle | rectangular], but I don’t know how many square meters it was.

An alternative: My village occupied a rectangular plot of land, but…

更简洁：The area that my village covered was a rectangleular, but I don’t know how many square meters it was its total area. 更简洁：The area that my village covered was rectangular, but I don’t know its total area.

Around my village there was a small [protective moat | moat to protect the village]. Around my village there was a small [protective moat | moat to protect the village].

The only entrance (to my village) was in the middle of the south side. The only entrance (to my village) was in the middle of the south side.

The elementary school in my village was to the north of the village and separated by the moat, so we children needehad to go to the school by walking out of the entrance in the south side of the village and turning left or right and walking northward along the moat. The elementary school in my village was to the north of the village and separated by the moat, so we children had to go to school by walking out of the entrance in the south side of the village and turning left or right and walking northward along the moat.

"Have" is more natural for when you have no other choice but to do something, given something else you've decided on. "Need" is more for something that is extremely important. An example with both in the same sentence: "We need to go to school, so we have to walk around the village." The "need" indicates that going to school is extremely important, and the "have" indicates that in order to do that, there is no option but to walk around the village. This nuance can also be seen in "I have to go to the doctor" vs. "I need to go to the doctor". Likely contexts are "[I made an appointment, so] I have to go to the doctor" and "[I'm in pain, so] I need to go to the doctor".

The elementary school infor my village was to the north of the village and separated by the moat, so we children needed to go to the school by [walking out of the entrance in the south of the village | exiting from the south] and turning left or right and walking northward along the moat. The elementary school for my village was to the north of the village and separated by the moat, so we children needed to go to the school by [walking out of the entrance in the south of the village | exiting from the south] and turning left or right and walking northward along the moat.

Was the elementary school actually located in the village? If it was outside the village, I would change “in” to “for.”

The elementary school in my village was to the northside of the village and separated by thea moat, so we children needed tohad go to the school by walking out of the south entrance in the south of the village and, then turning left or right, and then walking northward along the moat. The elementary school in my village was to the northside of the village and separated by a moat, so we children had go to school by walking out of the south entrance, then turning left or right, and then walking northward along the moat.

更简洁：To the west of the west side of the moat was a vegetable garden that was for each family in the village. 更简洁：To the west of the west side of the moat was a vegetable garden for each family in the village.

NOTE: You can safely delete the phrase "that was."

Every family was allocated a small piece of the garden thatwhere they could grow vegetables. Every family was allocated a small piece of the garden where they could grow vegetables.

Every family was allocated a small [piece of | plot in] the garden that[where they could grow | for growing] vegetables. Every family was allocated a small [piece of | plot in] the garden [where they could grow | for growing] vegetables.

更简洁：Every family was allocated a small piece of the garden that they couldgarden plot to grow vegetables. 更简洁：Every family was allocated a small garden plot to grow vegetables.

To the south of the village was a [piece of land where there were many different types of trees | grove of trees]. To the south of the village was a [piece of land where there were many different types of trees | grove of trees].

更简洁：To the south of the village was a piece of land where, there were many different types of trees. 更简洁：To the south of the village, there were many different trees.

In the center of the landgrove was a (water) well that supplied water for all the people in the village. In the center of the grove was a (water) well that supplied water for all the people in the village.

The first instance of “water” is unnecessary (because you later say it supplies water) and therefore sounds unnatural.

In the center of theat land was a water well that supplied water for all the people in the village. In the center of that land was a water well that supplied water for all the people in the village.

The garden has become a residential area, as well has [the area south tof the village with many trees | the grove of trees]. The garden has become a residential area, as has [the area south of the village with many trees | the grove of trees].

I re-formatted this correction to make it easier to read.

To the east of the village was a large area of farmland where the villagers grew many different crops, such as wheat, soybeans, sorghum, corn… , etc… Many years have passed. To the east of the village was a large area of farmland where the villagers grew many different crops, such as wheat, soybeans, sorghum, corn, etc… Many years have passed.

To the east of the village was a large area of farmland where the villagers grew many different crops, such as wheat, soybean, sorghum, and corn… Many years have passed. To the east of the village was a large area of farmland where the villagers grew many different crops, such as wheat, soybean, sorghum, and corn… Many years have passed.

The water well also [goes nowhere]. The water well also [goes nowhere].

Do you mean the well is still there but is dry? Or the well is gone?

MY GUESS: The water well also goes nowhereno longer exists. MY GUESS: The water well no longer exists.

我确信我的猜测是正确的。