From Physics to Psychology Through Psychosis to Psychology From Physics to Psychology Through Psychosis

The original word order is a little confusing, at first it sounds like you're listing a bunch of things that range from "physics" to "psychosis"

I'm a psychologist from a small industrial town in Russia, dedicated to my profession despite having taken a non-traditional path to get here. I'm a psychologist from a small industrial town in Russia, dedicated to my profession despite having taken a non-traditional path to get here.

By my first education, I'm a physicist who became a psychologist—or perhaps more accurately, a physicist who went mad and found wisdom on the other side. I'm a physicist who became a psychologist—or perhaps more accurately, a physicist who went mad and found wisdom on the other side.

"By my first education" is an awkward phrase. It isn't needed.

By my first education, I'm a physicist who. I then became a psychologist—or perhaps more accurately, a physicist who went mad and found wisdom on the other side. By my first education, I'm a physicist. I then became a psychologist—or perhaps more accurately, a physicist who went mad and found wisdom on the other side.

otherwise it sounds like your first education taught you to be both a physicist and psychologist

I got two diplomas without trying, and failed when I finally gave it my all. I got two diplomas without trying, and failed when I finally gave it my all.

It may not be grammatically necessary, but a comma provides a breath of pause to separate two very different statements. It makes it easier for the reader to comprehend without rereading.

I was among the top 10 applicants to St. Petersburg State University's psychology mMaster's program—and then was expelled before my first exam. I was among the top 10 applicants to St. Petersburg State University's psychology Master's program—and then was expelled before my first exam.

From my office window at the school where I later worked as a psychologist, I could see another school where a psychologist worked who had graduated from thate very program that expelled me worked. From my office window at the school where I later worked as a psychologist, I could see another school where a psychologist who had graduated from the very program that expelled me worked.

It follows the chronology of what happened if you move "worked." The logical sequence makes it easier for the reader to absorb all the information in the sentence. "The very [noun]" or "The very same [noun]" are set phrases to place emphasis, so it is less effective if you change "the" to "that." Also, using "the" eliminates the repetition in "that very program that."

From my office window at the school where I later worked as a psychologist, I could see another school where a psychologist worked, who had graduated from thate very program that had expelled me, worked. From my office window at the school where I later worked as a psychologist, I could see another school where a psychologist, who had graduated from the very program that had expelled me, worked.

We ended up in the same place—just via different roads. We ended up in the same place—just via different roads.

"Roads" is a literal word. If you want something more metaphorical, you could use "paths," "routes," "journeys."