We arrived too late for ____.

It would sound better to say “We arrived too late for” something in cases where no context has been given. But if you had said something before this sentence to specify what exactly you were too late for the original sentence would be good. You could also say “We were late.”

DThe docteor said that I have drunk too much coffee.

The “I have drunk” part feels a little stiff/unnatural to me. I would probably change it to something else like “I drank” or “I have been drinking”. In the second situation (I have been drinking) you could also add in “lately” or “recently” at the end of the sentence.
If you wanted to start a sentence off with “doctor” (as in without the “the” in front), then you would say “Doctor (insert last name here)…”

I hate this city, there is too much traffic.

Just make sure to remember the space after a comma.

You can't getdrive the car, you have drunk too much.

“Drive” would be a better choice here given the context that was provided. If you were to use “get” then I can see there being two main situations:
1. You would change the context (for example “You can’t get the car, you don’t have enough money.”)
Or
2. Another situation with “get” would be “get in(to)” as in “You can’t get into the car” or “Get in the car” (but these wouldn’t work in that sentence given the idea of having drunk too much).

You could also add in a conjunction like “as” or “because” which would replace the comma.

They lost because of theirthey made too muany mistakes.

You would in most cases, if not all, use “because” instead of “because of” when using a subject (I, you, he, she, we, they) immediately afterwards.
In terms of “their too many mistakes”, where you’re talking about someone’s mistakes, you would say something like “their many mistakes”. (“Too many” isn’t a phrase you would use here as it doesn’t make much sense, but “many” is perfectly acceptable)

So you could also say “They lost because of their many mistakes.”

Do we have a little butter to use for cooking?

Something like this would make more sense as the original sentence implies that you are only cooking the butter, instead of using it to cook something else.

You could also replace “a little” with “some” (optional)

You are too young to enterget into the club.

Docter said that I have been druinking too much coffee.

I hate this city, there is too much traffic.

You can't get into the car, you have drunk've consumed too much alcohol.

maybe this?

They lost because of their too muny mistakes.

They lost due to their numerous mistakes.

Do we have a little butter to cook with?

DThe docteor said that I have drunk too much coffee.

I hate this city, there is too much traffic.

You can't getdrive the car, you have drunk too much.

They lost because of theirthey made too muany mistakes.

Do we have a little butter tofor cooking?

or "butter to cook with"